by Julie Lovison
I can’t read that clock – cry the 7 year old students in dismay about our clock in the studio. Why does it have letters instead of numbers?
We love our “circle of fifths” clock. The circle of fifths represents the construction rules for music (structure) that began with Bach and has continued as our basis for traditional music for over 300 years. In simple terms, music follows a structure of chord and melodic progression.
The circle of 5th begins with C – counting CDEFG brings you to G – GABCD brings you to D. etc. Each key is 5 notes up from the previous. Since we are using scales, the key of B takes us up to F#; would also involved some sharp and flat keys.
hierarchy of chords. If you are in the key of C, you would resolve through G to C. Further down the circle, you would progress through d minor to G 7 to C.
Previous to this compromised and equalizing of notes, you could only play in one key at a time. If you tried to transpose the piece into another key, the intervals would be different and present unpleasing sounds.
Bach wrote the Well Tempered Clavier to give people a body of pieces to learn to play in all keys. As you progress through this book, the first is in C the second in c minor, the third in C#, and so on.
What happened was application of a certain interval in the 7 chord developed a sense of gravitational pull toward the home key.
After 300 years of conditioning our ears, when we hear a 7 chord, we have a urgency in our ears for resolution to the I chord. If unresolved, we feel unfulfilled. (Think through Happy Birthday, all the way to the end, but stop at TO – you really feel the pull to You.)
Anyone who has played the the guitar may have noticed that in the key of G, other frequently used chords are D7 and A minor.
In fact G A minor D7 G is pretty typical – perhaps even G E minor, A minor, D7 G or G C D7 G. This is the circle of fifths in operation. E minor, A minor, d minor, G7 and C are all resolving downward through the circle of fifths.
Some common songs using this formula are Heart and Soul,,Blue Moon, Can’t Help Lovin’ that Man of Mine.
Jazz players practice the ii V I progression religiously in all keys.
In the Pace method, we learn to play in all keys from the early levels of study. We experience the thrill of playing a simple song in another key and hearing the same sounds coming from a new position. We get accustomed to playing in all keys. This makes reading in any key easy. Instead of having to remember continually which notes need sharps or flats, we just know they do because we have internalized the key and it is familiar to our fingers.
When we transpose, we place our fingers in the new scale (first five notes) and rather than think note names, we think finger numbers or intervals – repeat, step up step, step down, etc.
We learn that each 8 note scale is comprised of whole steps and half steps. (a half step is the distance from one key to any adjacent key (C to C#, C# to D, etc.) A whole steps equals two half steps C to D, D to E, E to F#…) In what is known as the ”major scale ” pattern, there are whole steps between each key except 3 and 4 and 7 and 8. The last four notes of the C scale are the same four notes as the beginning of the G scale; the last four notes of the G scale are the same as the beginning of the D scale. Thus every scale shares 4 notes with the scale directly before and after it in the circle of 5ths. We learn that as you go through the circle each new key adds a sharp; after the middle of the circle each new key drops a flat, until you return to C.
Knowing the scales and chord formulas allow us to apply an accompaniment to melodies. We simply use the chord formula.
In the five finger pattern songs, we say if your melody is on 1 3 or 5 use the I chord - if mostly 2 and 4 use the V chord.
Some popular familiar songs to try this with are Mary Had a Little Lamb, Lightly Row, Alouette, Ode to Joy, Jingle Bells, or the Olympic Theme Song (fresh in our ears this month).
Knowing about chord structures help us interpret music more intuitively. We might feel that a home chord would require playing with a sense of arrival, perhaps a slight hesitation, or easing into the note, or a definitive strong accent - whereas a V chord would bring a sense of going somewhere — perhaps a crescendo or intensification of tempo.
It helps us memorize with confidence – we know with predictability what our last three chords will be. It helps us sight read because we know what chords typically follow other chords .
Next time you see our clock, if you still can’t read it, don’t worry, there are little tiny numbers on the side!